ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

中文譯名 術語 縮寫 定義 解釋
準確度 Accuracy How close to the truth the information is: is the accuracy of the information known and does it meet requirements? It is important to determine both the level of detail and the level of precision expected at various points in the project process. Clearly the “build it first digitally” approach requires a very complete and very precise model for all systems included before the project enters physical construction.However, this is not the level of accuracy required in conceptual design. Some organizations, such as the U.S. Coast Guard, have defined levels of model detail required at project milestones based on the UniFormatlevels. 資訊與事實的符合程度:已知資訊之正確性以及資訊是否符合需求。一個專案執行過程中,在每個預定的時間點上確定其該有之資訊完整度及其精確度都是很重要的,顯然若要使其建築作業數位化,那麼邁入實際施工步驟之前,所需資訊都應完備地輸入模型;不過在規劃階段並不需要這麼多資訊,因此有些單位(如:美國海巡署)便定義了模型精密程度(或稱模型完整度)(LOD),來說明工程專案各階段所需建築資訊。
管理用詮釋資料 Administrative metadata Metadata used to manage the information and includes such fields as: intellectual property status, file format, file size, creating system,archiving date, archiving expiration date, and archiving refresh interval. Metadata(一種描述資料特性的資訊封包,內含資料的許多資訊或參數),經常用來處理資料的各種資訊,包含智慧財產權分配、檔案格式、檔案大小、資料體系建立、存檔日期、歸檔期限、以及每次檔案存取時間間隔多久…等資訊。用來做為專案管理使用或資訊管理等管理用途使用之詮釋資料,稱之為管理用詮釋資料。
美國總承包協會 Associated General Contractors of America AGC Associated General Contractors is a trade organization. 美國總承包協會是美國一個專門從事貿易事務的相關組織。
AGCxml AGCxml AGCxml A suite of XML schemas for exchanging construction project information between software applications used by facility owners and AEC firms. XML(eXtensible Markup Language)是HTML的擴展,是一可在網路上發送資訊的語言。XML允許定義一些使用者感興趣的資料結構和意義,這個結構就叫做Schema。不同的XML Schema支援在各種應用軟體之間進行各種不同的資料交換,特定的XML Schema在進行少量的和某些特定的資料交換中,使用者只需定義這些領域需要的XML Schema,就可利用這些特殊用途的XML來記錄和交換資料。AGCxml:建築專案常用的一種xml結構,用於AEC產業與業主間的建築資訊交換。
應用程式介面 Application program interface API API defines the proper way for a developer to request services from that program. API的介面可以提供應用程式開發人員自行開發自己所需的程式。
關聯 Association Used to tie information and processes with data objects. An arrowhead on the association indicates a direction of flow, when appropriate. 資訊、流程,與物件產生某種關聯性連結,通常會以箭頭來表示這樣的連結關係。
防損成本 Avoidance costs Costs incurred to prevent or minimize the impact of technical interoperability problems. 該成本屬於一種備用成本,用來預防或是盡可能減少因內部技術性操作問題而造成的損失衝擊。
最佳實務 Best practices Techniques, methods and processes that provide consistent results superior to those achieved by other means. 以最佳實務法(或最佳慣例做法)提供的技術、方法以及流程來執行作業事項,表現出來的結果會優於其他方法。
BIM遞交成果 BIM deliverables Information (in numerous formats) that may be required by contract or agreement to be submitted or passed to another party. 因為合同或契約要求,建築資訊會以許多不同形式在各個單位間進行傳遞與交付動作。
BIM目標 BIM goals Objectives used to define the potential value of BIM for a project and for project team members. BIM goals help to define how and why BIM will be used on a project or in an organization. BIM對於工程專案本身或專案團隊成員而言,目標就是要能幫助工程專案或專案組織執行工程作業上更有效率;同時,BIM尚有許多潛在價值待研究與開發。
BIM流程 BIM process A generic name for the practice of performing BIM. This process can be planned or unplanned. The BIM process may also be referred to as the BIM execution process or the BIM project execution process. The BIM project execution planning process suggests diagramming the BIM process using process maps. 一般而言,BIM流程是指工程實務上執行BIM技術的總稱。無論事前是否有規劃其BIM的導入,只要於實務上有BIM技術之運用,皆可稱之該工程作業中有BIM導入其流程。
BIM流程圖 BIM process maps A diagram of how BIM will be applied on a project. The BIM project execution plan proposes two levels of process maps: BIM overview map and detailed BIM use process maps. 一種呈現BIM如何運用於工程專案的示意圖。一般而言,BIM計畫流程圖分為兩種,即「概念示意圖」以及「細節標示流程圖」。
BIM專案執行計畫 BIM project execution plan (BIM PxP) or (PxP) PxP A plan for the results from the BIM project execution planning process. This document lays out how BIM will be implemented on the project as a result of the decision of the group. BIM專案執行計畫:一個工程專案決定導入BIM,並有相關文件說明BIM應如何導入該專案。
BIM專案執行程序 BIM project execution procedure A process for planning the execution of BIM on a project. It consists of four primary steps: 1) identify BIM goals and BIM uses, 2) design BIM project execution process, 3) develop information exchanges, 4) define supporting infrastructure for BIM implementation. 規劃整個BIM專案的作業流程,包含四個主要階段:一、確定BIM目標及其導入方式。二、設計執行流程。三、資訊交換。四、確認BIM導入階段。
BIM應用方法 BIM use A method of applying building information modeling during a facility’s life-cycle to achieve one or more specific objectives. 如何運用BIM於工程生命週期中達成特定目標之方法稱之。
位元檢核 Bit preservation Process by which one can ensure that a file is not changed or corrupted and can be handled by techniques such as checksum or digital signatures. 確認檔案未經更改、破壞的過程。或是檔案已經通過驗證或數位簽章之加密處理。
建築資訊模型 Building information model BIM A digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. 數位化呈現建築物或設施實體外觀以及尺寸等參數之技術。
bSI buildingSMART International bSI An initiative of the International Alliance for Interoperability to accelerate achieving the dynamic and seamless exchange of accurate, useful information on the built environment among all members of the building community throughout the life-cycle of a facility. BSI為一國際性組織,其目的為促進整合工程生命週期中參與的所有成員,使其建築資訊能貫通於建築作業的每個階段。
BPMN Business process mapping notation BPMN An industry standard for modeling business processes as sequences of activity flows, data flows, and message flows within organizational lanes. These symbols are used in information delivery manual (IDM) representations. 業務流程建模標記法(BPMN, Business Process Modeling Notation):工作流中特定業務流程的圖形化表示法。它由業務流程管理倡議組織(BPMI, Business Process Management Initiative)開發,為「業務流程圖」(BPD, Business Process Diagram)中的特定業務流程提供一套圖形化標記法。BPMN的目標是,通過提供一套既符合業務人員直觀又能表現複雜流程語意的標記法,同時為技術人員和業務人員從事業務流程管理提供支援。BPMN的首要目的是提供全體業務相關者易於理解的標準標記法。業務相關者包括創造與梳理流程的業務分析師、負責實施流程的技術開發者、以及管理和監督流程的經理人。BPMN旨在充當公共語言,跨越業務流程設計和實施之間常見的鴻溝。
能力成熟度模型 Capability maturity model CMM A framework of 11 dimensions used to score a project or an organization's ability to produce a minimum BIM. 目前framework of 11 dimensions被用來當作評定一個組織是否具備執行BIM專案之能力的指標工具。註:能力成熟度模型(CMM, Capability Maturity Model)是以軟體開發專案的自我能力改進及軟體承包商的選定作為研究的目標,在初期發展階段,CMM的用途是協助美國國防部等政府單位進行重要軟體外包作業時,作為分析軟體廠商開發能力,以及評選合格軟體承包商的工具。CMM涵蓋一個成熟的軟體發展組織所應具備的重要功能與項目,它描述了軟體發展的演進過程,從毫無章法、不成熟的軟體開發階段到成熟軟體開發階段的過程。以CMM的架構而言,它涵蓋了規劃、軟體工程、管理、軟體開發及維護等技巧,若能確實遵守規定的關鍵技巧,可協助提升軟體部門的軟體設計能力,達到成本、時程、功能與品質的目標。
認證測試 Certification testing Certification testing is a process for testing software's conformance with a given IFC release specification and its subsets, defined as so-called views. The aim of the certification testing is to promote quality in IFC implementations and demonstrate to endusers that the software passing the certification implements the IFC specification in a consistent way, hence being able to exchange IFC product data with other certified software unambiguously. 認證測試是一個測試關於軟體釋出之IFC檔案是否符合相關格式要求的過程,其目的為確保IFC制度的落實,另外使用者可藉由IFC格式使其產品資訊完整不遺漏地在不同軟體間進行傳遞交付。
特徵 Characteristic (property) Concepts that cannot be defined using other concepts; their meaning is provided through a description. Characteristics are distinguished into the following types (in alphabetic order): behavior, environmental influence, function, measure, property, and unit. 特徵的概念無法以一般觀念去定義,透過一些特別的描述才能理解。特徵通常區分為以下幾種類型來表示:行為、環境因數、函數(參數)、度量、屬性及單位。
一致性 Clarity or Consistency Clarity or Consistency represents clear and shared definitions: do creators and users of information use the same codes and terms with the same meaning? Is information received from different sources consistent in terms of naming, units and relationships? Be thorough about developing and enforcing standard terminology. 「明確性」,或「一致性」:表示其清楚明確且為大家所公認之定義。透過規範制定標準術語,可使其資訊創作者與資訊使用者使用具相同意義的編碼與術語,而且來自不同地方的資訊若是都使用一致的命名、單位系統等標準,也才不會導致混亂無標準可循。
分類 Classification Hierarchical organization of related information. 相關資訊的統一分級、分類。
完整性 Completeness How much of the required information is available: is the full content of each information package supplied? Is all the required information routinely created by the project team in their normal course of activities, or do they need to do something special? Another issue here is that an information package may be generated by multiple organizations and/or in multiple phases. Thus the handover is not a single deliverable, but two or more deliverables that must be merged in some fashion to create the required information package. 完整性:關於所需資訊中,有多少部分(比例)是可以使用或可以得到的。關於完整性,需考量的點有以下幾點:一、 每個資訊封包中的內容是完整無遺漏的嗎?二、 所有所需資訊在專案團隊日常的作業中便可以完整地產生嗎?或是專案團隊 必須另外執行一些特別的作業流程才可使其資訊完整?三、 另一個考量點是:資訊封包的產出過程中,可能是經由好幾個不同單位或是經過許多階段的作業流程才產生了最終資訊;如此一來,資訊的交付過程便不會是一對一的傳遞動作,而是需要經過兩個以上甚至更多的資訊傳遞動作,才能將全部所需要的資訊完整地整合,產出完整無遺的資訊封包。
元件 Component List of all scheduled and required building assets located within space. 元件、構件(component):計劃安排清單、進度明細表,以及建物等資訊以表格呈現。
概念 Concept As defined in IFD, a concept is described both by a set of names and definitions in multiple languages and also by relating a concept to other concepts. 根據IFD的定義,概念的定義是藉由一「名稱」加上「定義」的組合;同時,除可用多種語言來呈現外,也可以透過連結其它概念來幫助解釋或描述。
構型控制(型態控制) Configuration control Information that moves through a project as its status changes. For example, a drawing may start as “Issued for comment” change to “Issued for construction” and be updated to“As built.” Configuration control(型態控制):由於階段改變,於是資訊在專案間產生轉移或轉變的情形稱之。舉例來說,一個工程圖可能由原本的「檢討用途」轉變成「施工用途」,並且會因建造過程中的種種原因而更新其工程圖樣的資訊。
連結 Connection Logical connections between components. 元件與元件之間於邏輯上的連結。
約束 Constraint In BIM planning, one or more owner performance requirements that must be met. 在BIM計劃的執行過程中,業主要求的特定履約項目或作業成果必須要能夠呈現出來。
COBie Construction Operations Building information exchange COBie COBie is an information exchange specification for the life-cycle capture and delivery of information needed by facility managers. COBie can be viewed in design, construction, and maintenance software as well as in simple spreadsheets. This versatility allows COBie to be used on all projects regardless of size and technological sophistication. COBie(Construction Operations Building Information Exchange)標準:是由美國陸軍工兵單位所研發,旨在建築物設計施工階段就能考慮未來竣工交付營運單位時設施管理所需資訊的蒐集與彙整,這對建築物建立一套營運維護階段有效率的設施管理機制相當有幫助。COBie稱之為施工營運建築資訊交換標準,主要是要說明與定義在設計、施工到營運階段和管理過程當中,如何更新與獲取所需資訊之資訊交換技術、標準與流程。這些資料數據可由建築師或工程師提供樓層、空間或設施的佈局,或是由承包商提供的設施產品序號、型號等,凡是建築生命週期中建築專案的各參與人皆可在各階段輸入相關資料,以供後續管理人員方便地使用。
脈絡 Context A context, in IFD, is a grouping of relationships that exists between concepts. 在IFD的定義中,脈絡是存在於概念與概念之間的一種關係。
座標 Coordinate Bounding boxes for spaces, lines, or points. 用來界定或說明質點於點、線或空間上的位置。
資訊組織成本 Cost of organizing information The cost incurred to obtain the information and make it available for use: Is the information supplied in a form and format that means the cost of maintaining it throughout the life of the asset has been minimized? What about the costs to manage and assure the qualilty of the information handovers during the project process? Information management may be a new cost item for many organizations. It is important that business managers understand that there is a cost to this activity when they determine project staffing and fees. 資訊組織成本:該成本的目的是用來取得資訊,並且使取得的資訊是有用且實用的。考量點有幾項:一、 以表單形式呈現的資訊是否便代表已將專案全生命週期的成本控制在最低?二、 在專案過程中傳遞資訊時,應如何兼顧成本與品質?資訊管理對多數組織而言可能都將會是一項新的成本項目,在商業管理的角度,理解這項成本於商業活動中的重要性,有助於控管專案的人事成本與費用支出。
成本進度表 Cost schedule A time frame for the tracking of a project cost elements following standard project specifications. 成本進度表:於一體系表中詳列專案中所有項目,並追蹤其時程與成本。
資料交換 Data exchange The process of taking data structured under a source schema to transform and restructure into a target schema, so the target data are an accurate representation of the source data within specified requirements and minimal loss of content. 資料交換:從一個資料體系中取得資料後,重組並重新建構成一新的資料體系,交換過程中必須使其資料損失達到最少,且必要的特定資料不可遺失,如此所轉換出來的資料才會正確地表示與呈現。
資料物件 Data object A mechanism to show how data is required or produced by activities. They are connected to activities through associations. 資料物件:紀錄資料由需求至產生之歷程的機制,透過資料物件的結合,可以連接起整個事件的歷程。
資料豐富度 Data richness The data must be of the level of detail to support the intended use of the BIM. The level of data for a concept BIM will be different from that of a design BIM or construction BIM. 資料豐富度:不同的BIM使用者,各自所需要的資料詳細程度。例如設計者與施工者在應用BIM時,所需要的資訊勢必有所不同。
慣用標準 de facto standards Formats that may have originated with a single vendor but have been made publicly available and are supported by multiple vendors and products. 慣用標準:指某種格式或標準一開始可能源自於單一軟體商或設備商,然而後來卻被普遍使用,而且其他軟體商或設備商所開發的產品也支援該格式或標準。
官方標準 de jure standards Standards maintained by an official standards organization, such as International Organization for Standardization (ISO) or International Telecommunications Union (ITU). 官方標準:由一官方標準化組織所發布之標準,如國際標準組織(ISO)、國際電信聯盟(ITU)等組織。
延遲成本 Delay costs Costs incurred when interoperability problems delay completion of a project or the length of time a facility is not in normal operation. 延遲成本:該成本是用來承受專案因人為或非人為因素所導致的時程所需付出的風險成本。
遞交成果 Deliverables The physical information in an information handover. 資訊交付中的實體資訊。
敘述用詮釋資料 Descriptive metadata Metadata that identify and describe the information with fields such as creator, title, subject matter, responsible organization. 敘述用詮釋資料:用來鑑別與描述資訊,紀錄了作者、標題、主旨、負責人等資料。
傳統發包模式 Design-Bid-Build A project delivery method where the owner procures a design and bid package from an AE professional, then utilizes competitive bidding to obtain a price from contractors for all required work to build the project per the project's drawings and specifications. The owner then selects the contractor, typically based on the lowest responsible bid. 主要由業主先行設計或委託顧問單位設計完成後再由業主進行發包予廠商施工,基本上以最低標廠商得標。就小型或單純工程而言,執行尚不致有太大困難,但於工程規模漸趨大型化及複雜化同時,較容易產生設計與施工配合不易、參與單位權責不清、施工界面眾多、溝通協調困難及變更設計、時效與成本難以控制、業主合約管理困難等問題。
統包專案 Design-Build projects (See also, Integrated project delivery) A project delivery method where one firm, typically the Contractor, is responsible for the quality of design and construction. This includes fast-track means and methods and promotes an integrated project delivery (IPD) approach from the project's inception until final completion. 承包商與業主簽約,負責工程計畫之設計、施工、設備採購及安裝。亦可視工程性質、業主需求或個案情形,將服務範圍涵蓋至基本設計、細部設計、施工、完工營運、操作維護及人員訓練。
細部BIM使用流程圖 Detailed BIM use process maps A comprehensive BIM process map that defines the various sequences to perform a specific application of BIM or BIM uses. These maps also identify the responsible parties for each process, reference information content, and the information exchanges, which will be created and shared with other processes. 細部BIM使用流程圖:一個完整的BIM流程圖會詳列出所有步驟順序,以便於執行BIM於特定應用階段或是作業流程全面使用BIM。這些流程圖會確認每個執行階段所需負責的部門,以及哪些參考資料與資訊內容可與其他作業階段分享、使用。
資料字典 Dictionary (Data Dictionary) A dictionary is used to define names. A dictionary of construction terminology defines the use of a particular name (such as, type or property) in a consistent manner. 資料字典:用於定義專有名詞的字典。例如:建築工程術語字典中,定義了工程界常用專有名詞,使建築工程界對於這些專有名詞的使用與認知上產生共識。
電子商務延伸標記語言(國際電子商務標準) Electronic business extensible markup language (ebXML) ebXML Electronic business using extensible markup language is a modular suite of specifications that enables enterprises to conduct business over the Internet. 一、 電子商務延伸標記語言:電子商務上使用的衍生語言是一種模組化的套件清單,詳列了各項電子商務語言規格,使企業能夠透過網路進行商業活動。二、 20多年前,電子商務的想法誕生,通過鏈接在一起的計算機系統,數據能從一個系統傳送到其他系統,從而不再使用紙介質文件來交換商業數據。這個概念就是EDI(Electronic Data Interchange,電子數據交換)的原型。EDI的出現大大提高了商業運作效率,但雖然全世界的前10000家公司中98%以上都在使用EDI,但全世界其他公司中卻僅有5%是EDI的用戶。這是為什麼呢?這是因為EDI雖然很有效,但啟動費用很高。三、 近一段時間以來,人們一直在尋找EDI的替代方案,希望能夠找到一種使全球不同規模的公司都能受益的簡單、便宜的交換標準商務文檔的方法。在這樣的背景下ebXML應運而生了。四、 ebXML是一組支持模塊化電子商務框架的規範。ebXML支持一個全球化的電子市場,它使得任意規模的企業通過交換基於XML的信息,不受地域限制地接洽和處理生意。ebXML是聯合國(UN/CEFACT,貿易促進和電子商務中心)和OASIS(結構化信息標準發展組織)共同倡導、全球參與開發和使用的規範。五、 ebXML規範的最初版本於2001年5月發布。它的目標是使任何規模的商家能夠和任何人開展電子商務。在現階段,ebXML是一套文檔,包含若干完善的原型,但是有許多企業現在正在建造支持它的系統。
要件 Element A major component, assembly, or construction entity part which, in itself or in combination with other parts, fulfills a predominating function of the construction entity. 要件(元素):一種建築物本身的零件或是用來連接結構物間的重要元件,對於穩定整個結構物方面相當關鍵。
事件 Event An occurrence in the course of a business process. Three types of events exist, based on when they affect the flow: start, intermediate, and end. 事件:在商業行為中所發生的事件。依據事件發生作用或產生影響的流程,可分為三個階段:事件開始、事件過程中、事件結束。
(資料)交換規定、交換需求 Exchange requirement ER A non-technical description of the information needed by a business process to be executed, as well as the information produced by that business process. 交換需求(Exchange Requirements)的定義:在指定階段支援一個特定的業務流程要求所需要交換的一組資訊,目前COBie標準提供14個交換需求(例如:樓層配置、空間配置、資產類別、資產位置、資產零件等),以供不同狀況參考使用。
EXPRESS EXPRESS A data modeling language standardized as ISO 10303-11. 一套數據資料建模語言標準 (ISO標準)。為了達到資料交換共享的目標 ,STEP中定義了一套資料模型建構語言EXPRESS (ISO 10303-11, 1994)協助完成資料模型的建構。EXPRESS 是一種物件導向式的模型建構語言,因此除了用以完成標準模式建構外,後續相關的資料之整合、延伸亦可凸顯 EXPRSS 中性語法的優點。
延伸標記語言 Extensible markup language XML Extensible markup language (XML) is a set of rules for encoding information in machine readable form that emphasizes simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. XML(Extensible Markup Language)叫做"擴展標記語言"。XML本身不是一個單純的標誌語言,它是一種元語言 (meta-language),可以被用來定義任何一種新的標誌語言。象HTML之類的傳統性標誌語言,是用來定義某一類檔的格式,以便於展示或列印檔。而 XML則是可以用來創造新類別檔的格式定義,也就是在XML之中能夠創造出很多不同的標誌語言,用來定義各種不同的檔類別。早在80年代就制訂的SGML(標準通用標記語言),它是一個用來形容和定義結構化的電子檔的國際性標準(ISO 8879)。不過由於SGML太過於靈活和複雜,所以一直沒有被廣泛地採用。XML是從SGML所衍生出來的一種簡化格式。
設施 Facility Compression of IFC representation for project, site, and facility. 設施:IFC表示法中,對於專案、位址、及設備的統稱。
設施管理 Facility management FM Facilities operations and maintenance encompasses all that broad spectrum of services required to assure the built environment will perform the functions for which a facility was designed and constructed. 設施管理(Facility Management,簡稱FM),按照國際設施管理協會(IFMA)和美國國會圖書館的定義,是“以保持業務空間高品質的生活和提高投資效益為目的,以最新的技術對人類有效的生活環境進行規劃、整備和維護管理的工作”。它“將物質的工作場所與人和機構的工作任務結合起來。它綜合了工商管理、建築、行為科學和工程技術的基本原理。設施管理這一行業真正得到世界範圍的承認還只是近幾年的事。越來越多的實業機構開始相信,保持管理得井井有條和高效率的設施對其業務的成功是必不可少的。提供不動產(物業)「有效率」的達成其設置或使用目的機能的管理服務。設施管理服務除了基本的物業管理外,服務內容往往涉及設置或使用目的機能的「作業流程規劃與執行、效益評估與監督管理」。
樓層 Floor Vertical levels including foundation and roof; exterior site areas. 樓層:包含地基與屋頂的垂直高度量度標準,以及外部佔地面積。
模型應用定義 FM handover model view definitions The basic FM handover view defines the general requirements for design applications to enable the handover of facility management information. 基本定義:一般規定上的要求:關於設計端之圖樣及資訊,交付至設施管理或物業管理端時,這些圖樣與模型資訊是能被接續使用的。
檔案格式登錄 Format registry Identifies all file formats stored in the archive and their properties, and automates the assignation of preservation strategies 檔案格式登錄Format registry(格式註冊):確認所有檔案的都有依據格式儲存,並自動歸檔到它們專屬的檔案類別。
功能組件 Functional part FP An information handover in sufficient technical detail for software implementation 功能構件(Functional Parts):定義從軟體產生出來的單一功能構件資訊以供交換需求。功能構件涉及單獨的資訊交換動作,而此一動作關係到交換需求裡特定的資訊。例如,交換房屋模型時,需要牆、門、窗、樓板和屋頂等構件資訊,每個相對應的功能構件便提供詳細的資訊技術規格,做為交換動作的結果。由於同一動作存在於許多交換需求內,所以功能構件也可能與許多的交換需求相關。也因此,功能構件是特別為交換需求設計且可重複使用的。
閘道 Gateway Used to control the divergence and convergence of sequence flow, a gateway can also be seen as equivalent to a decision in conventional flowcharting. Gateway閘道:用來控制串流之開放或閉合,閘道的功能類似於傳統流程圖中的邏輯閘,用來決定流程「是」或「否」繼續進行。
美國聯邦總務署 General Services Administration GSA United States General Services Administration 美國聯邦政府總務管理局
全球唯一識別碼 Global unique identifier GUID Unique identification number generated and assigned by a computer GUID(全域統一識別碼):是指在一台機器或電腦上生成的數位編碼,它保證對在同一時空中的所有機器或電腦都是唯一且獨立的。
綠建築XML Green Building XML bXML An XML schema developed by Green Building Studio, Inc. to facilitate the transfer of building information stored in CAD building information models, enabling integrated interoperability between building design models and a wide variety of energy analysis tools. 綠建築XML(gbXML):是為了傳遞整體建築(Building envelopes)結構資訊(例如:牆體結構資訊等)來進行初期的能量分析以及空間和設備模擬開發而成的Schema。目前最近的版本是2009年發布的。這裡要說明一下的是空間(Space/zone)的概念在進行能量分析的時候非常重要,所以在以BIM為基礎所開發的軟體中都要準確地定義好建築物的各項空間組成。一般基於BIM技術所開發的能量分析軟體都會支持gbMXL.
Group A group represents a category of information. This type of grouping does not affect the sequence flow of the activities within the group. The category name appears on the diagram as the group label. Groups can be used for documentation or analysis purposes. Group(群):「群」通常用於資訊的分類。群的型式不會影響其內部的串流行為。類別名稱會以群標籤顯示於關係圖上,文件分類或資料分析時會常使用到群的功能。
交付計畫 Handover plan A documented process that results in providing an information quality management framework that describes the information handover in terms of scope, contents, constraints, coding, timing, and procedures. 交付計畫:用於進行資訊管理的程序,內容包含資訊交付的範疇、內容、限制、編碼、時間點,以及程序。
ifcXML ifcXML ifcXML An XML representation of the IFC EXPRESS model developed by the International Alliance for Interoperability. ifcXML和IFC一樣,都是由buildingSMART聯盟所研究開發的,是IFC Schema映射到XML文件的一個子集。目前為止它具有以下的數據支持:材料記載、工程量清單和添加用戶設計工程量等。
實施計畫 Implementation plan Implementation requires the alignment of work processes and software tools to produce and deliver the required handover information. The greatest efficiency will be achieved when the handover process is integrated with the information creation process. This will provide a streamlined flow of information. 實施計畫/執行計畫:作業流程與軟體工具的配合,才能使確實交付所需資訊。若是資訊創建和交付動作能順利整合,那麼計畫執行上會很有效率,而這也將使資訊交流更為順暢。
工業基礎類別 Industry foundation class IFC IFC is a neutral and open specificaion that is not controlled by a single vendor or group of vendors. It is an object-based file format with a data model develop by buildingSMART to facilitate interoperability in the building industry, commonly used format for BIM. IFC全名為Industry Foundation Class,為BuildingSmart所提出。BuildingSmart(原名IAI)是1994年由在美國的12家軟體公司所聯合建立的組織,成員含括營建產業、繪圖軟體、學術界等領域,組織的目的在為營建相關產業制定標準資訊格式,使營建工程的生命週期中能有資訊共享之供應鏈架構,減少資訊轉換的成本與損失,提高效率。IFC(Industry Foundation Classes )標準是IAI(Industry Alliance for Interoperability )組織於1997年1月發布的第一個版本。透過IFC檔案格式可以與BIM程序間達成訊息交換。IFC標準在全球被廣泛應用,它有以下三個特點: 一、IFC標準是偏像建築工程領域,主要是工業與民生建築。二、IFC標準是公開的,開放的。三、IFC是數據交換標準,用於異質系統交換和共享數據。
工業基礎類別庫 Industry Foundation Class IFC Data elements that represent the parts of buildings or elements of the process and contain the relevant information about those parts. IFCs are used by computer applications to assemble a computer readable model of the facility that contains all the information of the parts and their relationships to be shared among project participants. IFC檔案資料庫的資料單元標示了建築物構件或是包含這些構件的相關資訊。IFC格式的檔案可以讓電腦讀取建築物構件或設施的模型資訊,使其資訊可以讓專案中的所有參與者都能使用。
資訊 Information Data referenced and utilized during the process of creating and sustaining the built environment 營建業和建築生命週期中建立的參考資料,可用於工程專案的進行。
資訊交付手冊 Information delivery manual IDM A standard for processes specified when certain types of information are required during the construction of a project or the operation of a built asset. It also provides detailed specification of the information that a particular user (such as, architect or building services engineer) needs to provide at a point in time and groups together information that is needed in associated activities: cost estimating, volume of materials, and job scheduling are natural partners. 資訊交付手冊:COBie標準除了以電子試算表格式進行交換以外,另一個交換機制為透過IFC格式,此乃基於資訊交付手冊(Information Delivery Manual, IDM)。資訊交付手冊的主要目標即是定義工程專案生命週期內使用者需要資訊交換的所有流程,並說明支援上述流程所需的IFC資料內容,及要求保證其IFC定義、明細和描述可以在整個流程中使用,並提供容易理解的形式。IDM的技術架構同時涉及BIM使用者和軟體供應商。
資訊交換 Information exchange IE Information passed from one party to another in the BIM process. The parties involved should agree upon and understand what information will be exchanged. These are often in the form of deliverables from a process that will be required as a resource for future processes. 資訊交換:在BIM作業流程上,資訊在生命週期各參與者之間進行傳遞的動作稱之,涵蓋其內之參與者應清楚知道哪些資訊可以交換並同意交換。這些資訊常常是是因為專案的下一個階段有所需要,故需要前一階段的資訊以利專案持續進行。
資訊封包 Information packages Facility information required by each step in the information strategy process 資訊封包:在資訊運用的過程中,涵蓋各作業階段都會用到的物業資訊,稱為資訊封包。
資訊品質 Information quality An information quality management framework describes the information handover in terms of scope, contents, constraints, coding, timing, and procedures. 資訊品質:資訊交付時,資訊品質的控管應包含資訊範疇、內容、限制、編碼、時間以及程序。
資訊應用策略 Information strategy In the general buildings sector there appear to be at least four different and effective information strategies: 1) owner strategy to optimize facility life-cycle value; 2) owner strategy to improve project delivery; 3) consultant or contractor strategy to improve project delivery; 4) supply chain strategy. 資訊應用策略:一般資訊運用上,在建築領域至少會有四項策略:一、 業主策略:使設施生命週期作業最佳化。二、 業主策略:提升專案資訊傳遞的品質。三、 工程顧問或承包商策略:提升專案資訊傳遞的品質。四、 供應鏈策略
資訊技術基礎架構庫 Information Technology Infrastructure Library ITIL Program that provides a set of best practice approaches to information management 可以提供資訊管理最佳方案之程式。
整合式專案交付 Integrated project delivery IPD A collaborative approach to a project's execution that brings AEC professionals, trade workers, suppliers and fabricators together early in the project to facilitate informed decision making for project design and delivery optimization that may utilize a federated BIM model for clash detection. IPD (Integrated Project Delivery, 整合式專案交付):指的是一個工程專案自始至終使用 BIM 技術,將設計者、施工商、設備商、業主等相關單位結合成一個共同合作的團體,來完成一項工程。這跟過去分階段進行設計、發包、施工,發包給不同單位以致資料無法傳遞的作法不同。IPD 在觀念上類似工程統包,也就是需要在工程前期就將施工承商納入,以便最終能當成是整體成果交付給業主。
國際資料字典框架 International Framework for Dictionaries IFD A library that is, in simple terms, a standard for a terminology database. The concept for the IFD library is derived from internationally accepted standards that have been developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Construction Information Society (ICIS) subcommittees and workgroups from the early 1990s to the present. 國際字典框架:由於全球的自然語言具有多樣性和多義性,所以為了確保不同國家、地區、語言和文化背景的資訊提供者,與資訊的使用者之間,對同樣一個訊息有完全一致的解讀,因此 IFD(International Framework for Dictionaries) 就是將每一個訊息及術語,都給予一個全球唯一的識別碼 GUID,這樣能夠使得 IFC 裡面的每一個資訊,都有一個唯一的識別碼與之相連,當提供一個需要交換的 GUID 資訊時,得到的訊息就只會是唯一的,至於不同背景的使用者,用什麼語言及名詞來描述,或命名此訊息就變得不重要了。
國際標準組織 International Organization for Standardization ISO World's largest developer and publisher of international standards. ISO is a network of the national standards institutes of 162 countries, one member per country, with a Central Secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland, that coordinates the system. ISO is a nongovernmental organization that forms a bridge between the public and private sectors. Many of its member institutes are part of the governmental structure of their countries, or are mandated by their government. Other members have their roots uniquely in the private sector, having been set up by national partnerships of industry associations. Therefore, ISO enables a consensus to be reached on solutions that meet both the requirements of business and the broader needs of society. 國際標準化組織(International Organization for Standardization, 以下稱ISO)於1947年2月23日成立於瑞士的日內瓦,是一個具代表性且由許多來自不同國家標準組織所組成的標準設立單位,同時也是全球最具規模的國際標準的出版及研發機構。ISO並非為政府組織,但其設立的標準卻經常為各國制定法規時所引用或參考,也因此成為與各國政府保持著緊密聯繫關係的非政府組織。
網際網路通訊協定 Internet protocols Methods by which data are sent from one computer to another on the Internet. 網際協議或網際網路協議(Internet Protocol,IP)是用於交換網路資料數據的協議。
交互操作性 Interoperability Ability to manage and communicate electronic product and project data between collaborating firms and within individual companies’ design, construction, maintenance, and business process systems. 管理與溝通企業與企業間或是企業內部設計、施工、維護管理及商業流程的相關資料的能力。
專案工作 Job Project management, safety, and other job plans, with associated resources 包含專案管理、安全性、工作計畫、資源連結等作業。
作業分道 Lane A sub-partition within a pool and will extend the entire length of the pool, either vertically or horizontally. Lanes are used to organize and categorize activities. 將整個作業閘道沿水平或垂直方向分成數個子閘道。通常用來進行組織或分類。
精實營造 Lean construction An initiative that identifies and attempts to eliminate the seven forms of waste: correction, over-production, motion, material movement, waiting, inventory, and processing. 精實營造是製造業精實製造(Lean+Manufacturing,零等待、零浪費、零庫存等)原理在工程建設領域的一種應用,項目的生產過程有一個顯著的特點:項目是一次性的和不重複的,產品本身(房子、公路等)如此,製造產品的團隊(業主、設計、施工、供應商)也如此。因此精實營造建立起來的是一個一次性的生產系統。一個專案項目是由多個任務組成的,項目的按時、按造價、按質量和安全完成,取決於每個任務的按時、按造價、按質量和安全完成,以及任務之間等待時間的最小化。
LEED綠建築評級系統 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design LEED Standard American-accepted benchmark for the design, construction, and operation of high performance green buildings 國綠建築協會在2000年設立的一項綠建築評分認證系統,用以評估建築績效是否能符合永續性。
生命週期觀點 Life-cycle views A complete life-cycle does not need to be implemented at this point. NBIMS recommends the data should be maintained in interoperable formats that allow for future life-cycle use. 生命週期並不需以此觀點視之。然而,NBIMS建議資料應妥善維護保存,以利未來其他建物或更新建物時期新的生命週期使用。
詮釋資料 Metadata Metadata is a component of data which describes the data. It is data about data. Metadata(一種描述資料特性的資訊封包,內含資料的許多資訊或參數),經常用來處理資料的各種資訊,包含智慧財產權分配、檔案格式、檔案大小、資料體系建立、存檔日期、歸檔期限、以及每次檔案存取時間間隔多久…等資訊。
減損成本 Mitigation cost Costs of activities responding to interoperability problems, including scrapped materials costs Mitigation cost:用來減緩因企業內部運作問題(也包括零星的材料成本問題)時的成本。
模型視域定義 Model view definition MVD MVD is the standard methodology and format for documenting the software implementation requirements for standard IFC based data exchanges. MVD is structured to into two main divisions: 1) non-technical division to model exchange requirements for end-users and 2) a technical division for software developers. MVD 主要功能是將 IDM 的一般語言,轉換成 IFC 電腦語言的一個技巧。MVD分為兩個用途,一為非軟體技術操作者用來進行轉檔或轉換資料使用,一為可供軟體技術操作者用來研發使用。
OmniClass OmniClass? OmniClass? is a comprehensive system consisting of 15 tables for classifying the entire built environment throughout the full project life-cycle. 建築資訊分類體系:一種貫穿整個建築專案全生命週期的建築分類體系,由15種分類表所組成。
不動產開放標準聯盟 Open Standards Consortium for Real Estate OSCRE A not-for-profit, membership funded, neutral consortium that exists to facilitate collaboration on standardised data exchange. OSCRE(不動產開放式標準聯盟):一個非營利、會員集資籌組而成之機構,目的是促進資料交換標準的相關合作事宜。
整體程序圖 Overview map A high level BIM process map that illustrates the relationship between BIM uses, which will be employed on the project. 一種描繪參與BIM專案的各使用者之間對應關係的高階BIM說明圖樣。
Pool acts as a graphical container for partitioning a set of activities from other pools 用來當作一種區分圖樣作業的區塊或空間。
執行指導方針 Practice guidelines Practice guidelines are content that aids a project team or organization in the implementation of the information exchange standards. 執行指導方針:輔助專案團隊或專案組織落實資訊交換標準的一個指導綱要。
程序 Process A generic term for work or activity an entity performs and is represented by a rectangle. 程序:對於作業或活動項目以矩形框格表示,並呈現整體作業流程。
程序圖 Process map PM An overview of the handover process, describing its objects and the phases in a project at which the business process is expected to be relevant and identifies all the sub-processes. 資訊交付流程的概念圖,描述一個專案流程的各個作業階段及作業項目,並與相關子流程作連結。
產品 Product Component or assembly of components intended for permanent incorporation into a facility or construction entity. 產品:各零件或元件經由組裝後,結合成一實體建築物或設施稱之。
專屬格式 Proprietary format The format created by specific software applications such as CAD, word processing, or BIM programs. 專有格式:由特定軟體(如:CAD、文書處理軟體、BIM應用程式等軟體)創建的檔案格式。
參考資訊 Reference information Structured information resources (enterprise and external) that assist or are required to accomplish a BIM use. 參考資訊:經由企業內部或外部取得之資訊,該資訊是建立來輔助完成BIM技術的使用。
參考標準 Reference standards Existing industry standards that are developed, managed, and accepted by other organizations. They are included in NBIMS-US V2 so that they can be easily referenced in BIM information exchanges. 參考標準:一種存在於業界並可被參照使用與接受的一套標準,同時也涵蓋在NBIMS-US V2裡面,所以可以在進行BIM資訊交換時很方便地隨時找出來參考使用。
資源 Resource Required materials, tools, and training 完成任務所需的材料、工具以及教育訓練等項目。
角色或專業 Roles or Disciplines Minimum BIM includes the sharing of information between disciplines and documentation of the BIM's intended uses. BIM各使用者之間若欲使其資訊共享並能確實利用,至少應具備其身分或角色所需之BIM專業知識。
資訊綱要 Schema Structure of information. XML schemas express shared vocabularies and allow machines to carry out rules made by people. They provide a means for defining the structure, content, and semantics of XML documents in more detail. 資訊綱要/資訊架構:意指資訊的整體結構。XML Schema用來限定XML文件的結構,該架構除標示共用語法詞彙外,也允許使用者建構新的語法。它可以更詳細定義XML文件的結構、內容及其表示的意涵。
語意交互操作性 Semantic interoperability The ability of computer systems to communicate information and have that information properly interpreted by the receiving system in the same sense as intended by the transmitting system. Semantic Interoperability能夠讓「互操作性」保持在一個較高的水平,能夠讓兩個以及兩個以上的設備和元素之間進行數據信息的交換,並實現對這些數據信息的處理。Semantic Interoperability很好的利用了數據交換結構以及數據整理的好處,因此收到數據的醫療信息系統可以很容易的處理各項數據。
作業循序流 Sequence flow Used to show the order (predecessors and successors) in which activities will be performed in a process. 用於表示作業流程中的順序關係(如先驅者→繼承者)。
服務年期 Service life The statistical mean time between target mechanism failure as reported by appropriate authority and confirmed with appropriate confidence intervals. 服務年期:統計上的意義是,經由專業權威認定某一機制自生效至失效之合理且合適的信賴區間。
空間 Space Slab to slab volumes within the perimeter; designated site volumes 周長與高度的相乘積;指定範圍內的容積。
以功能分類的空間 Spaces by function Basic units of the built environment delineated by physical or abstract boundaries characterized by their function or primary use 以功能分類的空間:根據功用或主要用途來劃分或區隔建築物環境的基本單位。
空間勢能 Spatial capability The facility need not yet be spatially located, as this is a higher-level goal to be considered a minimum BIM. 在設施尚未進駐建物空間時,BIM便能預先評估空間所能容納及安排的設施數量,進行空間容量的規劃。
空間規劃驗證 Spatial program validation SPV SPV is an open, IFC-based BIM information exchange that enables designers and building owners to assess the performance of a building design in satisfying spatial program requirements defined by the owner of the building. 空間規劃驗證:SPV是一項依據IFC標準所進行的資訊交流計畫,可使業主與設計者雙方確認其建築物之空間規劃是否滿足業主需求。
規範 Specification A formal description of what software and hardware should do, but not necessarily how the tasks should be accomplished. Specifications typically include verification techniques and conformance testing to ensure candidates are technically correct, or able to be iteratively modified to solve new or expanding problems in the architecture, engineering, contractor, owner, operator (AECOO) domain. Specification(規範):規範中會說明可運用哪些相關軟體與硬體來輔助執行任務,但並不是說一定要使用這些軟硬體來完成任務。一般規範的範圍包含驗證、品管等檢驗技術,以確保專案執行的技術是經過審慎評估過的;同時,規範標準的建立也能使AECOO產業(包含建築師、工程師、承包商、業主、物業管理業者)各方參與者能於專案過程中反覆檢討並隨時修正與規範不符之處。
標準實務 Standard practice Practice guidelines are content that aids a project team or organization in the implementation of the information exchange standards. 標準實務:標準實務綱要其內容提供了專案團隊或組織進行資訊交換時的一套準則。
結構性詮釋資料 Structural metadata Metadata that describe the internal structure of the information and relationships between its components Structural Metadata結構性詮釋資料:結構性詮釋資料描述一組數位物件之間的關係與結構,像是書籍與其數位版本的衍生關係,或是數位版本中的頁面安排、目次、或段落章節等各部分之間的關 係,都必須紀錄於詮釋資料中。結構資訊對於幫助使用者導覽資訊物件方面也很重要,例如有目次的字典、百科、或是參考工具書,都是透過容易理解的結構幫助導 覽,而在數位世界中結構線索並不如實體明顯,因此更需要關係與結構資訊的協助。
結構化資訊形式 Structured information form Data in a structured form that are machine-interpretable without human intervention 結構化資訊形式:該形式之結構化資料只能透過機器或電腦來詮釋,無法透過人為方式。
主題 Subject Something that can be distinguished from other things and that can be recognized as such, and is represented by a name. In the bSDD, a subject is distinguished as an object (tangible or intangible), where objects are defined by formal characteristics. 主題:可與其他事物做區別,並可透過一個標籤或名稱來表示。在bsDD中,一個主題會與其他有形或無形的目標做區分。
語法驗證 Syntax validation A process to define and verify the arrangement, parameters, and values in a data set conform to specified requirements Syntax validation語法驗證:定義資料中的協定、參數、以及數值,並驗證其是否有遵照所需要求作設定的過程。
系統 System Sets of components providing a service 系統:執行某項事務或提供某種服務的一系列元件組合。
型別 Type Types of equipment, products, and materials 型別:設備、產品或材料的型式。
非結構化資訊形式 Unstructured information form Data that cannot be machine interpreted 非結構化資訊形式:無法以機器或電腦進行詮釋的資料形式。
可使用性 Usability Can the information be organized and presented differently for different users? For example, a cost estimator or specification writer views facility information much differently than the design engineer who created it. Are there multiple copies or versions of this information? If so, is there a master copy from which the others are derived? With BIM, there is frequently a considerable difference in the way the design team models the building compared to how the construction team models it. For example, the designers may model a large slab as a single object. The contractor may model it as a number of smaller slabs, defined by his pours. One way to handle these differences is to have the contractor, assuming he is involved during design, provide his objects for the design team to incorporate into the model. The second approach is to create a second construction model. This would then require some way of referencing the design model to ensure maintenance of design intent. Usability可使用性:主要的目的通常是要評估產品的使用性(Usability)。ISO 9241將使用性(Usability)定義為:特定使用者使用某產品以達到某種特定目標的可行程度,此特定目標包含在一定使用範圍內的有效性Effectiveness)、效率(Efficiency)和滿意度。資訊是否能被不同使用者以不同的方式重組及呈現?例如:成本估價人或是規範作者看資訊的角度可能就會與創作設計的工程師有很大差異。而同樣的資訊有許多版本嗎?若是如此,最初版本的資訊為何?在BIM的使用上,設計單位與施工單位所需模型資訊通常有很大差異,舉例來說,設計單位可能建一個很大的單一樓板作為物件,承包商卻是用很多小樓板來建構。有一種方式可以處理這種情形,就是讓承包商在設計階段就加入設計團隊與之共同建構模型;另一種方式則是再建一個模型,而這需要在過程中參考設計模型,才能與設計原意相符。
美國綠建築委員會 United States Green Building Council USGBC A non-profit U.S. based organization dedicated to sustainable building design and construction that are the developers of the LEED building rating system. 美國綠建築協會(英文:U.S. Green Building Council,縮寫:USGBC)是個非營利組織,旨在推動建築物能夠具有永續設計與建造。美國綠建築協會以推動領先能源與環境設計而著稱。
驗證 Validation The process of ensuring an NBIMS work product or a process conforms to defined user needs, industry requirements, and specifications, by following a system of quality assurance or testing a statistically relevant set of samples. 驗證:藉由一套品質確認及樣本檢測系統來確保NBIMS之作業流程及其產品符合定義的使用者需求、工業標準及規格。
驗證程式 Validator A computer program or web service to check the syntactical correctness of code, documents, or specifications. For example, ensuring there are no broken links. 用來檢查編碼、文件或規範的語法是否正確的電腦程式或網路服務。例如:確保網址是可以連結的。
全球資訊網聯盟 World Wide Web Consortium W3C The central international standards organization for the World Wide Web, also abbreviated WWW or W3. 全球資訊網協會(World Wide Web Consortium,W3C),又稱W3C理事會。1994年10月在麻省理工學院電腦科學實驗室成立。建立者是網際網路的發明者提姆•柏納-李。
W3C需求條件 W3C requirements Mandatory or necessary conditions and prerequisites to ensure compliance with W3C exchange rules and protocols. 為解決web應用中不同平台、技術和開發者帶來的不相容問題,保障Web資訊的順利和完整流通,全球資訊網協會制定了一系列標準並督促Web應用開發者和內容提供者遵循這些標準。
工作產出 Work result Construction result achieved in the production stage or by subsequent alteration, maintenance, or demolition processes, and identified by one or more of the following: 1) the particular skill or trade involved; 2) the construction resources used; 3) the part of the construction entity which results; 4) the temporary work or other preparatory or completion work which results. 在建造、改建、維護管理、拆卸破壞等工程各階段,其產生的施工成果稱之,通常含蓋下列幾個項目:一、特殊技術或商業行為。二、工程資源的使用。三、建築物各部份完成的成果。四、臨時作業、事前工作、完工作業。
XML 綱要 XML schema The structure of an XML encoding that defines the elements, attributes, hierarchy, namespaces, data types, and default or fixed values. XML schemas are written in XML and created to be extensible in future iterations. XML編碼結構定義了元素、屬性、層級、命名空間、資料類型、預設值或固定值,而XML Schema是用XML編寫,本身就是一份XML文件,XML Schema支援許多的「資料型態」,而且可以自定型態。
區間 Zone Sets of spaces sharing a specific attribute 區間:共用特定屬性或類別的一組空間。